ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate milk quality for somatic cell count (SCC) analysis and total bacterial count (TBC) in agroecological production systems and conventional systems, relating them to the frequency of milking practices and types of facilities. The study was conducted in 2013 and 2014, in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil. We used a semi-structured questionnaire to identify management practices of producers in the 17 dairy systems (DS) in the city of Diamante d'Oeste and the 27 DS in Toledo. Milk sampling was performed monthly. Data were analyzed using two statistical methods. These were then used to create cross tabulation of groups with production systems and practices that can influence product quality. Cluster classification analysis allowed grouping of the initial 44 production systems into three homogeneous groups: Group 1, with better quality regarding the normative instruction 62 (NI62), with average values of SCC 407.37 (cells × 1000/mL) and TBC 210.50 (cfu × 1000/mL); Group 2, with SCC 328.50 (cells × 1000/mL) and TBC 699.75 (cfu × 1000/mL), both outside the NI62 parameters; and Group 3, with SCC 680.25 (cells × 1000/mL), considered low- and high-value TBC 1775.25 (cfu × 1000/mL), out of NI62. The results indicate that management practices and some other preventions adopted during milking are the determining factors of milk quality. Therefore, SCC and TBC levels are not determined by agroecological or conventional production systems, but rather, these levels are determined by the practices differentially adopted by the production systems.

RESUMO Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho grão moído pela silagem de resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca, em dietas para ovinos em confinamento, foi mensurado o consumo, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e dos nutrientes, e o pH ruminal. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos, canulados, distribuídos em delineamento de quadrado latino (5x5), composto de cinco animais, cinco dietas e cinco períodos experimentais de 21 dias cada, em um total de 105 dias de experimento. Os tratamentos foram diferentes níveis de substituição (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) do milho pela silagem de resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca. Os níveis de substituição interferiram de forma significativa, obtendo variação cubica para a ingestão de MS, proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CT), e efeito quadrático para a ingestão de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Porém não houve diferenças significativas na digestibilidadede nutrientes conforme a substituição do milho pela silagem de resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca, assim como não interferiram nos valores de pH ruminal. Recomenda-se a substituição de 75% do milho pela silagem de resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca.

SUMMARY With aimto evaluate the effect of replacing the ground grain corn for silage of waste resulting from the extraction of cassava starch in diets for sheep in confinement, was measured the consumption, the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and the rumen pH. Were used five cannulated sheep, distributed in outline Latin square (5 x 5), composed of five animals, five diets and five experimental periods of 21 days, for a total of 105 days of experiment. The treatments were different levels of substitution (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of maize for silage of waste resulting from the extraction of cassava starch. The replacement levels obtained significant difference, obtaining cubic variation for the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE)and total carbohydrates (TC), and quadratic effect for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). But there were not significant differences in nutrient digestibility as the substitution of corn for silage of waste resulting from the extraction of cassava starch intake as well as not interfered in ruminal pH values. It is recommended the replacement of corn for silage 75% of residue of cassava starch extraction.

Objetivou-se estudar o armazenamento do resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca, sem a utilização de tecnologias, por meio da avaliação química, valores de pH, temperatura, desenvolvimento de microrganismos e micotoxinas. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos (diferentes dias de estocagem: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 e 21) e cinco repetições. Houve diferença significativa para o teor de MS em função dos dias de estocagem. Obteve-se efeito linear negativo para os valores de pH, os quais decresceram com os dias de armazenamento. Houve significância do período de estocagem apenas sobre a população de fungos e leveduras, que se elevou até os 17 dias de estocagem, com posterior redução, micotoxinas foram detectadas no resíduo da extração do amido da mandioca. Apesar de não apresentar alterações na composição química, a estocagem do resíduo da extração do amido da mandioca por 21 dias demonstrou ser um processo de conservação ineficiente, devido ao desenvolvimento de fungos e presença de micotoxinas

The purpose of this paper was to study the storage of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch without the use of storage technologies, through chemical evaluation, pH values, temperature, development of microorganisms and mycotoxins. A randomized block design was used with eight treatments (different storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days) and five replications. There was a significant difference for DM content, as a function of days in storage. The chemical composition of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch did not changed throughout the storage period. A negative linear effect was obtained for the pH values, which decreased with days in storage. There was significance of the storage period only for the fungus and yeast population, which increased up to 17 days of storage, with subsequent reduction. Mycotoxins were detected in the residue from the extraction of cassava starch. Despite it did not showed changes in the chemical composition the storage of residue from the extraction of cassava starch for 21 days proved to be an inefficient preservation process, due to the development of molds and mycotoxins

The objective of the present study was to characterize the food sources, as well as the composition and quality of milk obtained from household farms of western Paraná State (Brazil) with and without technical assistance during the different seasons. For such, 24 properties were selected, 12 of which only received assistance and technical support. Four milk samples were taken (summer, autumn, winter and spring) to assess the physicochemical composition, somatic cell count and total bacterial count and feed supplied to the animals to assess the chemical composition (crude protein, ash, dry matter and neutral detergent fiber). The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement; the first factor was the presence and absence of technical assistance and the second factor was the four seasons of the year. Due to the dairy tradition of properties in the region, technical assistance had no significant effects on the health and nutritional quality of food, the number of animals, the production, or total bacterial count, which suffered oscillations only depending on the seasons of the year. However, the presence of assistance contributed to reducing somatic cell counts of milk produced and marketed. The technical assistance does not affect the quality of forages and concentrates used or the milk composition; however, it improves the sanitary quality of the milk produced throughout the four seasons of the year in household farms of western Paraná.